Water consumption in summer maize and winter wheat cropping system based on SEBAL model in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain,China

Crop consumptive water use is recognized as a key element to understand regional water management performance. This study documents an attempt to apply a regional evapotranspiration model(SEBAL) and crop information for assessment of regional crop(summer maize and winter wheat) actual evapotranspiration(ET a) in Huang-Huai-Hai(3H) Plain, China. The average seasonal ET a of summer maize and winter wheat were 354.8 and 521.5 mm respectively in 3H Plain. A high-ET a belt of summer maize occurs in piedmont plain, while a low ET a area was found in the hill-irrigable land and dry land area. For winter wheat, a high-ET a area was located in the middle part of 3H Plain, including low plain-hydropenia irrigable land and dry land, hill-irrigable land and dry land, and basin-irrigable land and dry land. Spatial analysis demonstrated a linear relationship between crop ET a, normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI), and the land surface temperature(LST). A stronger relationship between ET a and NDVI was found in the metaphase and last phase than other crop growing phase, as indicated by higher correlation coefficient values. Additionally, higher correlation coefficients were detected between ET a and LST than that between ET a and NDVI, and this significant relationship ran through the entire crop growing season. ET a in the summer maize growing season showed a significant relationship with longitude, while ET a in the winter wheat growing season showed a significant relationship with latitude. The results of this study will serve as baseline information for water resources management of 3H Plain.     

区域农业水土资源复杂适应系统配置研究——以三江平原为例

针对三江平原农业用水、用地结构不合理,难以发挥系统最大效能问题,以农垦建三江分局2011年数据为基础,运用复杂适应系统的思想,构建了三江平原农业水土资源复杂适应性配置模型,并对不同地下水开采方案下的农业水土资源优化配置进行了演化分析。结果表明:随着地下水开采量的增加,农业产值和粮食产量都有所增加,生态面积在一定范围内有所减少。随着地下水开采量的减少,其高效利用的土地面积会随之减少,造成大量的土地不能有效得到利用,严重阻碍了区域水资源与土地资源的耦合与当地经济的发展,上述非线性关系以及各子系统对水量变化敏感程度的不同正是其适应性的表现。研究成果对于指导三江平原科学合理的开发利用农业水土资源,提高农业水土资源的利用效率具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

黄淮海平原高水肥改良中低产田耕地质量动态评估

为研究黄淮海平原地区改良中低产田进程中广泛采取的高水肥措施对耕地综合质量发展的影响,在河南封丘布置田间小区试验,通过测产、采样和分析,研究不同施肥方案和不同肥料处理下的耕地土壤及作物的质量动态,评估各处理的利弊权重.结果表明:优化施肥和高水肥措施有利于提高作物根系吸水能力、增加作物对土壤氮素的利用、提高耕地作物产量和品质、抑制土壤碱性增加.但是当前施肥制度尤其在高肥处理下耕地土壤有板结现象;优化施肥方案中的高肥处理不利于底层土壤脱盐,易引发土壤次生盐渍化;高水肥措施下土壤保肥能力较差.针对不同施肥处理的利弊权重提出以优化施肥技术和高水肥措施为技术主导进行中低产田改良,增加耕地作物产量和改善品质,同时需配合土壤次生盐渍化防控措施、土壤培肥措施和农艺措施,除弊扬利,实现耕地综合质量的全面、持续提升.     

三江平原主要河流氮、磷营养元素时空变化规律研究

三江平原大规模的农业开发改变了当地土地利用方式,其主要景观类型由湿地变为农田,伴随着农业生产活动,化肥等农用物资的施用,农田中的氮磷成为河流水质潜在的污染源。文中以三江平原境内主要的沼泽性河流挠力河、别拉洪河和浓江河为研究对象,比较分析了三条河流碳、氮、磷等元素时间和空间的变化规律。结果表明:挠力河TC、TN和TP平均含量均高于别拉洪河和浓江河,这种差异主要与流域开发程度有关。TN含量挠力河和别拉洪河下游最高,而浓江河上游含量最高;挠力河、别拉洪河和浓江河TP含量分别在下游、中游和上游取得最大值,主要是由流域内不同的农业开发活动引起的。河流TN、TP含量具有较明显的季节变化。TN含量挠力河7月最高,而别拉洪河和浓江河则在5月最高;TP含量大致随季节变化呈上升的趋势。     

普通气候年景下江汉平原超级杂交稻结实率及其与气候条件的关系

采用扬两优6号等9个湖北目前推广的超级杂交稻组合,以汕优63为对照,从2008年4月19日起采用分期播种法每10d播种1次,考查品种结实率变化及其与结实前后主要气象因子的相关关系。结果表明,2008年水稻生育期间的气象条件总体为雨日阴天稍多,但仍属于普通气候年景。9个超级杂交稻组合7个播期结实稳定、正常,各播期间结实率最高与最低相差6.1个百分点。但各播期的结实率总体上仍表现为越早播,结实率越高(日均温为24～29℃时),结实率随孕穗和开花结实期日均温降低而降低,每降低1℃结实率约降低0.8个百分点。同组合同播期不同抽穗批次茎蘖结实率在前4个播期差别较小,但从第5播期后,部分组合的第3抽穗批次分蘖的结实率出现明显下降。结实率在不同播期间的差异与抽穗后15d期间的日平均气温、抽穗前后40d期间日照时数和抽穗前后7d期间最高气温呈极显著正相关。     

Incorporating hydrologic dynamics into buffer strip design on the sub-humid Boreal Plain of Alberta

The status quo in forestry practice is to leave standard width buffers around water bodies in order to prevent the excess transport of sediments and nutrients from terrestrial to aquatic systems. This practice does not seem to be effective in the sub-humid boreal forest where climatic and physiographic variability produces complex hydrologic pathways not well protected by standard width buffers. We developed a remote sensing technique that forms a hydrologic basis for buffer strip design. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery was used to map, both inundated and saturated areas (herein called wet areas) amenable for surface transport of nutrients and sediments on a low relief landscape in northern Alberta, Canada. Wet areas coverage of the Moose Lake drainage basin showed a semi-logarithmic relationship with daily discharge (r² = 0.72, p < 0.001, n = 18). This relationship was used to define a flow–duration curve for wet areas that could be used as an aspatial assessment of what proportion of a drainage basin should be protected. A probability map of wet areas formation was calculated from the database of 18 images. We demonstrated how the probability map may be used to design adaptive buffer strips for the mitigation of increased nutrient loading to boreal lakes following timber harvesting.     

江汉平原农村饮水安全指数评价研究

根据江汉平原的地域特征,建立了农村饮水安全指数评价指标体系。运用模糊层次分析法得出各指标的主观权重,通过偏差矩阵,调整模糊判断矩阵,并检验矩阵的一致性;运用熵值法计算各指标的客观权重;建立基于最小二乘法的优化组合权重模型,求出组合权重,并得出江汉平原10个县（市）农村饮水安全指数的综合评价值和等级隶属度,结果表明江汉平原农村饮水安全指数非常低。最后强调了农村饮水安全的公共物品特征．认为政府的强力介入是保证农村饮水安全的关键．     

Estimation of water consumption and crop water productivity of winter wheat in North China Plain using remote sensing technology

The North China Plain (NCP) is one of the most water stressed areas in the world. The water consumption of winter wheat accounts for more than 50% of the total water consumption in this region. An accurate estimate of the evapotranspiration (ET) and crop water productivity (CWP) at regional scale is therefore key to the practice of water-saving agriculture in NCP. In this research, the ET and CWP of winter wheat in 83 counties during October 2003 to June 2004 in NCP were estimated using the remote sensing data. The daily ET was calculated using SEBAL model with NOAA remote sensing data in 17 non-cloud days whereas the reference daily crop ET was estimated using meteorological data based on Hargreaves approach. The daily ET and the total ET over the entire growing season of winter wheat were obtained using crop coefficient interpolation approach. The calculated average and maximum water consumption of winter wheat in these 83 counties were 424 and 475 mm, respectively. The calculated daily ET from SEBAL model showed good match with the observed data collected in a Lysimeter. The error of ET estimation over the entire growing stage of winter wheat was approximately 4.3%. The highest CWP across this region was 1.67 kg m⁻³, and the lowest was less than 0.5 kg m⁻³. We observed a close linear relationship between CWP and yield. We also observed that the continuing increase of ET leads to a peaking and subsequent decline of CWP, which suggests that the higher water consumption does not necessarily lead to a higher yield.     

绿洲防护林体系缓解霜冻作用的调查研究

通过对2004年5月3日晨发生在内蒙古河套平原的大面积霜冻调查显示,绿洲防护林在减轻霜冻方面具有明显作用。由于树体降温放热、林网对气流的阻挡作用以及林冠层对热辐射的影响等,防护林结构较完整的区域冻害明显轻于防护林不够完整的区域;寒流进入林网区后,产生霜冻的能力随纵深距离增大而逐步衰减。加强绿洲防护林体系建设、完善林网结构、重视农田周围闲散荒地的造林绿化对缓减霜冻具有重要意义。     

华北平原免耕冬小麦生长发育特征研究

2004—2006年在河北栾城中国科学院农业生态试验站开展了不同耕作方式下冬小麦生长发育特征及其影响因素的比较研究。冬小麦基本苗数和分蘖率在不同耕作方式间差异显著, 表现为免耕<旋耕<翻耕。免耕处理冬小麦分蘖成穗率高于翻耕和免耕处理, 但基本苗数低, 2004—2005生长季比翻耕和旋耕处理分别低28.9%和29.7%, 2005—2006生长季分别低11.7%和10.0%; 免耕处理冬小麦株高、叶面积指数、地上部干物质积累和产量均低于翻耕和旋耕处理, 其中叶面积指数在2004—2005和2005—2006生长季的最高值分别为2.9和6.0, 产量比翻耕降低30.1%和27.19%、比旋耕降低15.3%和25.20%。免耕可保持耕层较高的土壤水分含量, 总体上高于翻耕和旋耕处理; 免耕处理在冬小麦苗期和返青期表现出明显的“降温效应”, 耕层土壤日均温度低于翻耕和旋耕, 冬小麦出苗和返青较翻耕和旋耕分别晚1~3 d和4~5 d。